Abraham Maslow’s Motivation and Personality Theory Essay

Maslow felt as though conditioning theories did not adequately capture the complexity of human behaviour. Maslow therefore looked to determine what it is humans seek in life. After much theorizing, he concluded that we search for things that will fulfil our needs for survival, as well as our emotional happiness and self-satisfaction. He then went on to introduce his concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper titled â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation†. Thus presenting the idea that human actions are directed towards goal achievement, believing that people have certain needs which must be met before they can go on to fulfil their potential. This could be through any given behaviour which could satisfy several functions at the same time; for instance, once you’ve acquired a hobby that you’re exceptionally good at, i.e. football, dance, etc. you begin to meet one’s needs for self-esteem and social interaction. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs has often been represented in a hierarchical pyramid made up of five levels. The lowest levels of the pyramid represent the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid. The needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security. As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. Maslow emphasised the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve ones individual potential. Maslow believed that these needs are similar to instincts and play a major role in motivating behavior. Physiological, security, social, and esteem needs are deficiency needs, meaning that these needs arise due to deprivation. It is important to satisfy the lower-level needs in order to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequences. He termed the highest-level of the pyramid as growth needs. These are self-fulfillment needs and do not stem from a lack of something, but rather the desire to grow as a person. There are five different levels in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: – Physiological Needs: These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food, and sleep. These needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met. – Security Needs: These include needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Safety needs are what we need to feel protected against external influences, i.e. the desire for steady employment, health care, safe neighborhoods, being secure and comfortable. – Social Needs: These include needs for belonging, love, and affection. These needs are considered to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments, and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as does the involvement in social, community, or religious groups. – Esteem Needs: After the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment . – Self-Actualization Needs: This is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested in fulfilling their potential. Maslow’s theory is relatable in my work as a nanny. I am considered a primary caregiver for the children I care for along with their parents. It is my job to make sure all their basic needs such as food, water, sleep etc are met; these needs are called Physiological needs on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and are considered the most important. Once I, along with the parents meet these needs, we then continue on to the child’s need to feel safe and secure. The way in which we meet these needs is by providing consistent care to the child/children and for that care to  be given by the same few people i.e. parents, nanny, grandparents, and nursery. This allows the child/children to build a relationship with his/her primary caregivers whereby they trust them and feel safe with them. By being with the child for their first years, there is a bond that they develop through us meeting their needs and being a consistent figure in their life, they receive love and affection from those around them and this gives them a sense of belonging. As the child gets older I promote and encourage them to participate in activities that interest them such as dance or football, whereby they are building on their social skills by interacting with children of their age and who share similar interests. This is where we meet the social needs that Maslow states in his hierarchy. When I look at the fourth level in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which he calls the ‘Esteem Needs’ I see this is based on how a child feels about themselves and also how they believe others see them. By meeting their social needs successfully the child/children will already have started to complete this level in their development because of the confidence and acceptance they have already achieved. This is where my encouragement and praise help the child/children in my care to recognise their achievements and this also helps to build their self-worth and self-esteem along with both mine and their parent’s recognition. All the previous levels lead up to us helping a child complete their final stage which Maslow calls ‘Self-Actualization’ however this level is where the child/young adult has to help themselves this could be achieved through a number of ways which could include continuing to further their education or going out into the world and finding a job but they will not be completely alone as they will have their parents and my support however by this stage I may no longer be with the family.

Usmle Step 2 Ck Review Notes

J 1 J Premenopausal Pelvic mass ?-hCG test + Sono: simple cyst + Sono: complex/solid + Acute severe pain  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH J J (c) Elmar P. Sakala, MD MPH (2011) 2 CV disease & Hormone Therapy J Recommendations: HT (E+P) 2003 Critique of WHI study  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH (c) Elmar P. Sakala, MD MPH (2011) 3 Menopause WHI â€Å"WINDOW of OPPORTUNITY† Critical period for maximum response to HT 10 yrs too Late!! Start HT here  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH Nonoral Options in Hormone Therapy, OBG Management supplement to November 2004 Not Here Natural HistoryTreatment Non-contraceptive Benefits Steroid Contraception Progestin Progestin Progestin Hysterectomy v Dysmenorrhea v DUB v PID v Ectopic preg suppress PG release stabilizes endometrium thickens cervical mucus thickens cervical mucus TAH, BSO  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH (c) Elmar P. Sakala, MD MPH (2011) 4 Metabolic Effects Steroid contraception He althy lipid profile (^ HDL, v LDL) Oral Contraceptives Risk of CANCER Estrogen mediated THROMBOSIS ^ venous & arterial v Endometrial ^ Cervical = ^ Breast Ovarian Unhealthy lipid profile (v HDL, ^ LDL)Progestin mediated  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH Contraception Review Intrauterine Contraception Steroid Contraception  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH (August, 2011)  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH (c) Elmar P. Sakala, MD MPH (2011) 5 Contraceptive Failure Rates Reversible Methods Basic Principles of Contraception Avoid contraindications  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH Basic Principles of Contraception Avoid contraindications FEW Complic Completed childbearing Sterlization  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH (c) Elmar P. Sakala, MD MPH (2011) 6 FEMALE – Next step in management? -hCG ? -hCG ? -hCG ? -hCG PREGNANCY – Next step in management? OB sono OB Sono OB Sono OB SONO J J (c) Elmar P. Sakala, MD MPH (2011) 7 Pathophysiology J F E T U S Vol of RBC need ed: varies from 0. 1mL to 450 mL M O M J Mechanism of FHR Decelerations HEAD Compression Compression CORD PLACENTAL Insufficiency  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH (c) Elmar P. Sakala, MD MPH (2011) 8 Fetal Fibronectin â€Å"Trophoblast Glue† Matrix that bonds Trophoblast to Decidua Predictor of Preterm Delivery  © Elmar P. Sakala, MD, MPH Cervical Length Vaginal Sonogram Saggital Image Normal: > 25 mm 1 3 4 (c) Elmar P. Sakala, MD MPH (2011) 9 Described in notes p. 44 Agent TOCOLYTIC agents Side Effects Contraindications J MgSO4 ? -Adrenergic Agonists Ca++ channel blockers PG synthetase inhibitors Muscle weakness Renal insuffic Respiratory depression Myasthenia gravis Pulmonary edema v? BP, tachycardia, ^ glucose, v K+, Pulmonary edema Tachycardia, v BP Myocardial depression Cardiac disease Diabetes Uncontrolled ^T4 Cardiac disease Hypotension Oligohydram, Gestational age IU closure PDA, Necrotiz enterocolitis > 32 weeks J (c) Elmar P. Sakala, MD MPH (2011) 10

Child Protective Services

CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES REFORM 1 INTRODUCTION Child Protective Services (CPS) is a complex system of assessments, investigations, and conclusions. CPS is the central agency in each communities child abuse and neglect service system. It is responsible for ensuring that preventative, investigative, and treatment services are available to children and families endangered by child abuse and neglect. As a result, CPS workers must perform a variety of functions when responding to situations of child maltreatment and play a variety of roles throughout their involvement with child protective clients.Reporting a suspective case of child maltreatment to the local CPS agency (or a family member’s own request for help with the problem) initiates the CPS response process. Once the intake is completed, an investigative process is done, and then the initial assessments and services planning processes are completed. Then the stage is set for implementation of ongoing services(Schene)(1). Th is description of the process of child protective services sounds acceptable and workable. However, an increasing number of child abuse and neglect cases have presented themselves in recent years.According to Jane Waldfogel, a writer for Child Welfare, about three million children were reported to the CPS in 1997, a more than fourfold increase over the number reported just 20 years earlier. In our society today, with increased violence and agitation the number has risen dramatically again. SHE ALSO 2 stated that caseloads of child protection workers increased dramatically in response to widespread concerns about CSA (child sexual abuse)(Waldfogel)(2). The number of children coming into the child welfare system remain at unacceptably high levels because of substance abuse, poverty, joblessness, housing, and other social problems.This increasingly high number of reports turning into caseloads for social workers has combated the effectiveness of the above CPS process. The average socia l worker handles approximately 135 cases. The high number of caseloads per social worker ratio is driving down the original intended purpose of CPS. There is also the issue regarding gaps of protection for the children. Twenty-five to fifty percent of deaths from child abuse involve children who were previously reported to authorities for suspected maltreatment.Tens of thousands of other children suffer serious injuries while under the supervision of CPS (Besharov)(3). At the same time, overreaction to complaints of abuse plagues the system. Children have been removed from parental custody and placed in foster care for weeks and months based on the most cursory investigations. Sometimes the children were removed on the basis of unvalidated complaints. Many courts have begun to find that when CPS employees fail to do their jobs well, the agencies and the employees may be liable for resulting injuries.There have been some setbacks though. For example, in 1989, the U. S. Supreme Court held that the failure to protect a child who had been reported to CPS as in danger and who was under the agency’s supervision through home visitation, was not an actionable claim under . 3 sec. 1983 of the Federal Civil Rights Act. The case was DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services(Trial)(4). This history of foster care as child protection is quite recent, expanding into it modern core components as a result of a law passed by Congress in 1961.As the National Coalition for Child Protection Reform (NCCPR)(5) points out in a Child Welfare Timeline on their website (www. nccpr. org), the tension between placing children out of the home and preserving and restoring the family has proven to be the decisive struggle in child protection. As a result of decisions made during the Presidencies of Reagan and the senior Bush, undermining of support for family preservation and strengthening of incentives for foster care placement effectively reversed the trend.The res ult is that as of 2006 there are nearly 600,000 children in foster care nationwide. Statistics are given by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services in annual reports to congress in their Adoption Foster Care Report (AFCARS) (6). According to another report by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Child Abuse and Neglect National Statistics (CANNS)(7), the composition of children in foster care is the result of, 10% sexual abuse, 19% physical abuse, and 63% neglect. The cost of foster care is a staggering $9,400,000,000 annually.It seems apparent that the CPS system is in dire need of reform. Funding for services needs to be completely overhauled. The higher caseload situation is compounded with reduced resources and lack of support for both families and workers. These issues are very important to all of us Americans. These children are our future. 4 We as Americans need to look into what types of reform are needed and have these issues addressed to Congres s. RESEARCH QUESTIONS During my research, I will be conquering questions that are important to this subject.Questions like, â€Å"What types of reforms are currently in place? † â€Å"What type of education does a CPS worker need? † â€Å"How can we ensure expanded voluntary/preventive family support systems are adequately funded for child well-being systems to be put into place? † â€Å"What type of funding should be allocated by the federal government and state government? † â€Å"What type of liability does CPS have for inadequate protection? † â€Å"Which cases really belong with CPS and which ones should be more community- based cases? † METHODS My approach for my research will consist of multiple different facets.I will be using archival information, including both journal articles and books, from the library. I will also be gathering information from various websites that pertain to Child Protective Services. The websites will be both federal and state governmental sites, child protective services reform sites, and psychiatric based perspective on children in protective services. In addition, I will be conducting a personal interview with Mrs. Tammy Houtari LMSW, ACSW, CAADC. Mrs. Houtari is a local social worker who has numerous years of experience working for local human services agencies.Currently, she is an instructor here at Lake Superior State University and also has her own private practice. 5 My hopes are that Mrs. Houtari will be able to enlighten me on many different facets of the social worker and their responsibilities to ensure the safety of children. I will also explore what other researchers have contributed to this issue and what they are currently saying. I will also examine present day statistics involving the funding for protective services. In addition, I will study the current plans for reform and what types of community programs are available to children and their families.Utilizing these v arious methods will provide me with a broad range of information and resources that will aide me in completing my research. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Society’s expectation of the child protection system is that it will keep children safe from serious injury and that it will reach out effectively to all legitimate community concerns for the safety of children. This expectation is not being met with the current system and resources, and it is the standard by which any newly designed communitybased system of child protection should be judged.The bottom line for any system of child protection is that it assures safety for children, not just for those who make it into the system. It is for all those who are at risk in the nation’s communities. Public support for any such system will depend primarily on whether it can assure that safety while simultaneously recognizing and respecting the responsibilities of parents to raise their own children. 6 WORK CITED (1) Patricia A. Schene, PhD, consultant in children and family services and is associated with the Graduate School of Public Affairs at the University of Colorado, Denver.THE FUTURE OF CHILDREN – PROTECTING CHILDREN FROM ABUSE AND NEGLECT, VOL. 8 – NO. 1, SPRING 1998. http://www. americanhumane. org/children (2) Jane Waldfogel, BA ME d MPA PhD, professor of social work and public affairs at the Columbia University School of Social Work. http://futureofchildren. org/futureofchildren/publications/docs/19_02_09. pdf (3) Douglas J. Besharov, Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research in Washington, D. C. and a visiting professor at the University of Maryland School of Public Affairs. See RECOGNIZING CHILD ABUSE: A GUIDE FOR THE CONCERNED (1990). ttp://www. welfareacademy. org (4) DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services Trial. Sec. 1983 of the Federal Civil Rights Act. Http://www. welfareacademy. org (5) National Coalition for Child Protectio n Reform. http://www. nccpr. org 7 (6) U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. The AFCARS Report Availability: http://www. acfhhs. gov/programs/cb/dis/afcars/index. htm (7) Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics distributed by National Clearing House On Child Abuse/Neglect. Http://www. calib. com/nccanch/pubs/factsheets/canstats. com

Alternate Enery-solar energy Annotated Bibliography

Alternate Enery-solar energy - Annotated Bibliography Example 143). Many economies advocated for use of renewable sources of energy to mitigate the possibility of energy crisis. As a result, governments turned to hydro generated electricity for sustainability. The recent concern is the high cost of energy across domestic and industrial applications. This has led to need of alternative energy that is cheaper to supplement other energy sources. Solar energy is the most efficient alternative source of renewable energy since the sun is freely available. Robert et al.’s book focuses on weaknesses, strengths and application of solar power energy. In addition, the book outlines the design and fabrication of solar energy technologies. Common technologies discussed include refrigeration, distillation, detoxification, and water pumping using solar generated power. The authors have analyzed photovoltaic power generated from solar power and its applications in remote site equipment that consume low power. Robert et al. advocate for the use of renewable energy sources that guarantee sustainability and environment conservation. In that regard, they discuss how to improve energy efficiency through use of renewable solar energy. The text is relevant since it outlines the suitability for using solar energy as a renewable energy source as compared to other sources. Boxwell, Michael. Solar electricity handbook: a simple, practical guide to solar energy: How to design and install photovoltaic solar electric systems. 2011 ed., 4th ed. Ryton on Dunsmore, Warwickshire, U.K.: Greenstream Pub., 2011. Print. Michael’s solar electricity handbook provides guidelines for using solar panels to generate electricity. He further outlines procedures followed to design and implement a photovoltaic solar system. For the sake of reference, this book comes along with a detailed website that contains the relevant solar resources and other information a solar user

Volunteer Tourism but you can choose any subject relative to tourism Essay

Volunteer Tourism but you can choose any subject relative to tourism - Essay Example Some of the subjective factors are age, education, economic status, gender, etc and the objective factors are cultural, social, economic, environmental ones. Indeed a volunteer tourist’s perception of a destination is supposed to be influenced by both subjective and objective factors. An in-depth knowledge of the factors that influence the tourist demography’s perception of destinations can help both the entrepreneurs and the academicians in this sector. Rationales for the Research In current tourism discourses, ‘volunteerism’ or ‘volunteer tourism’ is a nascent idea that is related to a wide range of socioeconomic, cultural and environmental concerns. During these days, the growing individual interest in the alluring yields of alternative tourism in response to the lacks of mass tourism has drawn increasing academic as well as commercial attention to the idea of volunteer tourism. On one hand, modern tourism industry increasingly shifts its at tention from the conventional mass tourism to the volunteer tourism utilizing the consumers’ interest in unique tourism experiences and on the other hand, the frontiers of tourism industry are constantly confronted with the socioeconomic, cultural and environmental concerns while propounding an all embracive definition, of volunteer tourism, that necessarily will define its relationships with those concerns. Since the term â€Å"volunteer tourism† is more of the generalization of a tourism concept that serves as an alternative to the concept of a mass conventional tourism, it appears to be the premise for other particular tourism products such as ecotourism, cultural tourism, adventure tourism, etc that include volunteer components and authenticity of experiences more than conventional mass tourism can offer. Indeed though the tourism industry and its role as direct tourism service providers are quite adaptable with the concept of mass tourism, tourist industry and vol unteer tourism are conceptually contrastive with each other, since volunteer tourists want to â€Å"benefit from displaced self-understanding and the freedom to go beyond the limits that frontiers [of tourism industries] present† (Wearing, 2001:2). Therefore, whereas mass tourism allows the operators of tourism industries to exert control over the tourists’ activities to adhere to the socio-cultural and environmental protection protocols, to an extent that is greater than the volunteer tourism products allow the operators, since the freedom-zeal expected by the volunteer tourists is in direct contrast with such control. It seems that the tourism industry operators are thrown in endless struggle to make them more flexible and adaptable with these expectations meet the tourists’ expectations freedom to go beyond the limitation of conventional tourism industry, as Igor Ackerberg and Parkpoom Prapasawudi say, â€Å"Currently, the sector is moving toward higher comm ercialization with more profit-oriented companies offering volunteer tourism packages, making the study of volunteer tourists’ perception

International Tourism Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

International Tourism Marketing - Essay Example This number represented a growth of 6.6 percent when compared to that of 2009. Receipts for international tourism grew by $919 billion in 2010, a number that corresponded to a rise in real terms of 4.7 percent (Corigliano and Baggio, 2004:301). Many countries around the world used to depend solely on other means of generating income. Introduction However, as time went by and economic analysts realized what tourism and its related businesses could do for a country’s growth, they initiated measures that aimed at encouraging intensive investment in tourism. In contrast to those other economic activities, tourism bases on competitive advantages and has the potent ability of creating additional income, growth, and job opportunities for many decades to come (Au, 2010:4). Estimates depict that international tourist arrivals will be more than 1.6 billion in 2020. International tourism suffered a setback due to the terrorist attacks that took place on September 11 that pushed the US ec onomy and indeed many others into recession. The September 11 terrorism attacks led to erosion of consumer confidence in travel (Akehurst, 2009:52). This traumatic blow delivered directly to the US tourism and leisure travel as well as domestic travel had no comparison even to the Kosovo or the Gulf War. As a result, the US economy took longer than projected as opposed to Germany and Britain (Fayal and Garrard, 2005:47). Given the tremendous results of international tourism as well as the possible challenges affecting its growth, this paper will seek to analyze the significance of social media in international tourism marketing. As of today, the behavior of consumers in tourism is different due to the hyperactive competition, digitization of the world economy, and the effects of globalization. This trend is becoming a multidimensional concept whereby people view it as an outcome of a dynamic system based on relations between the processes involved in motivation, attitude, effective manifestation, information, and perception (Corigliano and Baggio, 2004:302). With this respect, to research certain dimensions those are congruent to consumer behavior in international tourism in order to determine the consumption and purchasing pattern of the respective customers is essential. This helps in tailoring and catering for the customers’ needs and wants, which in turn translates to return or repeat business (Akehurst, 2009:53). As this essay depends highly on international tourism market and the diversity ascribing to this market, this sector requires bidders to put much focus niche marketing. Simultaneously, market segmentation becomes a subject with an attractive strategy, viability, and high as well as potential rates of profitability in this framework. The role of marketing research in international tourism market segmentation With the main objective of every company being to satisfy their customers, companies with a strong orientation pay special attention t o the behavior of consumers whereby they capitalize on the information that they obtain with the view of attracting new customers and retaining the existing ones (Corigliano and Baggio, 2004:303). In this context, it is agreeable that the complexity of international tourism marketing puts more emphasis on the importance for market segmentatio

Clinical Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Clinical Leadership - Assignment Example In my role as a team leader in the corporate health board I came across many learning situations and instances that greatly helped me in identifying my strengths in dealing with people and situations, and realizing my personal weaknesses that made me hesitant to make a proactive approach at work. During my tenure in the corporate health board as a team leader, I had exposure to managerial concepts and leadership qualities that are required to perform a task more effectively. As a team leader, I have to be in touch with all aspects of the teamwork in addition to coordinating with my supervisors, allocating responsibilities to my team members, motivating the team, monitoring their work and resolving issues. Each of these activities is different from the other and requires different levels of consideration and attention. My role as team leader provided me with plenty of opportunities to manage team issues, plan and coordinate activities with the rest of the team members and develop lead ership qualities. The application of clinical leadership in the practical environment has numerous benefits and the need for developing leadership qualities among clinicians is increasingly being felt in the current scenario. The adoption and effective development of leadership skills in clinical health care environment contributes to efficient patient care and improving staff motivation. Clinical supervision or leadership provides a â€Å"framework for self-regulation and developing informed deliberative practice, emphasizing not only self-monitoring through reflection on action but also the reflection in action†.

Management Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Management Accounting - Case Study Example Management accounting is â€Å"the process of identification, measurement, accumulation, analysis, preparation, interpretation and communication of information used by management to plan, evaluate and control the activities of an organization†. As this definition suggests our management accounting department has a wide scope of responsibilities that involves the presentation of information to all levels of management within our company. This information is further used by management to assist in planning and decision-making activities. Our Management Accounting department is also heavily involved in budgeting process along with establishing procedures and culminating subsidiary budgets into an overall master budget. This report aims to acquaint you with how the Management Accounting department uses variance analysis within the management processes of the company. As variance analysis has become an integral tool in decision-making within the organization, it is important that a ll everyone grasps this important concept. In relation to this, this report will compare traditional variance analysis and operational and planning variance. A major source of data for our department is the costing records and accounts. Cost accounting is the essential aspect of every business organization. In the simplest sense, cost accounting can be defined as â€Å"process of tracking, recording and analyzing costs associated with the activity of an organization, where cost is defined as 'required time or resources' (Cost Accounting 2006).† In essence, cost accounting is a field in management accounting which is tasked to give numerical values or figures to each activity in a company's supply chain. The method which is

LAB report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lab Report Example On the other hand, a dry density obtained through impacting of energy on the soil relies on the first initial content of water which is referred to as the moulding content of water. Getting to know the relationship between the moulding content of water and the achievable density is a topic that has been of concern for many years. The dry condition, and a moulding content water increase could lead into a high dry density compaction. The trend will continuous until when the maximum dry density is achieved at an optimum water content moulding. As the water increases, there would be a continuous dry density reduction. Such a reaction would be referred to as the curve of compaction. In order to gain a deeper insight concerning compaction, this experiment was set to investigate the compaction test. The sample mould base and mould mass would be determined to the nearest gram. The mould diameter and depth were measured. The mould depth was about 3 places where as the moulding diameter was about 6 places + or- 0.02 mm. The hammer, mass, proper drop, and square edges was checked for damages. A well-graded sand with fine that are less than five percent was used to ease the laboratory instruction. A material with particles that are oversize was selected to show the test aspects. Enough moist material was selected to give out approximately 12 kg of soil that is dry. The natural content of water was obtained. The amount of materials needed for the point of compaction was estimated. Five samples having contents of water separated by 1.5 percent were prepared. The water contents were adjusted such that they bracket the value that was optimum. The soil was tempered overnight to reduce the scatter in the data thus making it easy to define the curve of compaction. The compaction test was d one in respect to the standards of the ASTM test

Competition and markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Competition and markets - Essay Example Oligopolistic firms are interdependent and large. One firm is hugely affected by the deed of the other. Some of the characteristics of oligopoly are small number of large firms that generate substantial market control depending on the size of the businesses. Second characteristic of the oligopoly market is interdependence in decision-making process because the number of competition is few and any slight change in price or good eventually affects other firms (Nechyba, 2011). Firms in oligopoly regard the response of other firms in an industry. Thirdly, firms in an oligopolistic market normally use aggressive advertising, marketing, and promotion in order to fight for its place in the market. Advertisement and sales costs the oligopolistic firms a lot of money. Companies tend to carry out their own product’s promotion and the firm’s name to attract a significant number of customers (Landsburg, 2011). Franchise in oligopoly market applies a small element of differentiation, which creates distinction between its own product and other competitors’ products as it aims at increasing its market share in the industry. Additionally, there is no price reduction in the oligopolistic market since prices are sticky and rigid for the reason that any price cut by one firm may eventually call for reaction by the rival firms, which may affect the whole industry (Landsburg, 2011). Some of the competitors of the oligopolistic firms such as the franchise are the large few companies operating in the same markets. The availability and formation of cartels may threaten franchise and lead to closure of the business. Firms may further use tacit collusion by fixing the prices without all firms’ consent and when quantity produced and price fixing is done explicitly. Price leadership may largely affect the prices of the franchise especially when one major firm in the industry decides to set price lower than the prevailing market price